/* ============================================================
   Rouskin Lab — Design System
   Editorial, scientific, restrained. Inspired by Arc Institute.
   ============================================================ */

@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Fraunces:opsz,wght@9..144,300;9..144,400;9..144,500;9..144,600;9..144,700&family=Inter:wght@300;400;500;600;700&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&display=swap");

:root {
  /* --- Color : warm editorial paper, deep ink, Harvard crimson */
  --paper:        #f6f2ea;
  --paper-tint:   #faf7f0;
  --cream:        #fdfbf5;
  --white:        #ffffff;
  --ink:          #14110d;
  --charcoal:     #2a2521;
  --graphite:     #3d3631;
  --body:         #4d4640;
  --muted:        #8a807a;
  --line:         #e3ddd0;
  --line-soft:    #ece6d9;
  --wash:         #efe9dc;

  /* Accents — Harvard crimson + Rouskin amber form the dual identity */
  --crimson:      #9e1b32;
  --crimson-dark: #7a0e22;
  --crimson-soft: rgba(158, 27, 50, 0.08);
  --amber:        #c4901a;      /* Rouskin gold — promoted to primary accent */
  --amber-bright: #d8a013;
  --amber-deep:   #8a6411;
  --amber-soft:   rgba(196, 144, 26, 0.10);

  /* Scientific accents (used in viz, hover states, captions) */
  --rna-sage:     #3e6e69;
  --rna-blue:     #284a72;
  --rna-violet:   #6b4f8a;

  /* Typography */
  --font-serif: "Fraunces", "Source Serif Pro", "Charter", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  --font-sans:  "Inter", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", system-ui, sans-serif;
  --font-mono:  "JetBrains Mono", "SFMono-Regular", Menlo, Consolas, monospace;

  /* Layout */
  --gutter: clamp(20px, 3.4vw, 48px);
  --maxw: 1320px;
  --maxw-narrow: 1080px;
  --radius: 2px;
}

* { box-sizing: border-box; }

html {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
}

body {
  margin: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: 16.5px;
  line-height: 1.58;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

/* very subtle paper grain via gradients only */
body::before {
  content: "";
  position: fixed;
  inset: 0;
  z-index: -2;
  pointer-events: none;
  background:
    radial-gradient(1200px 700px at 88% -10%, rgba(158, 27, 50, 0.06), transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(900px 600px at -10% 8%, rgba(62, 110, 105, 0.05), transparent 60%);
}

img { display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto; }

a {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: color 200ms ease;
}

a:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--crimson);
  outline-offset: 3px;
  border-radius: 1px;
}

p {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--body);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.62;
}

/* ----- Type system — heavier weights for readability ----- */
h1, h2, h3, h4 {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-weight: 450;
  font-style: normal;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
  line-height: 1.08;
  text-wrap: balance;
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 120, "SOFT" 0;
}

h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.55rem, 5.2vw, 5.0rem);
  font-weight: 440;
  letter-spacing: -0.024em;
  line-height: 1.02;
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 144, "SOFT" 0;
}

h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 2.9vw, 2.65rem);
  font-weight: 450;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
  line-height: 1.1;
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 100, "SOFT" 0;
}

h3 {
  font-size: 1.18rem;
  font-weight: 550;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  line-height: 1.26;
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 24, "SOFT" 0;
}

.eyebrow,
.kicker,
.affiliation,
.section-kicker,
.paper-meta,
time,
.tag {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 550;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--crimson);
}

/* Amber-accent kicker variant — for sections with computational emphasis */
.kicker.amber,
.section-kicker.amber { color: var(--amber-deep); }

.affiliation {
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
}

time {
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
}

strong.pi {
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
  font-weight: 600;
}

/* ----- Skip link & focus ----- */
.skip-link {
  position: fixed;
  top: 8px;
  left: 8px;
  z-index: 100;
  padding: 8px 12px;
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--white);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  transform: translateY(-200%);
}

.skip-link:focus { transform: translateY(0); }

/* ============================================================
   Header
   ============================================================ */
.site-header {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 50;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 28px;
  padding: 16px clamp(20px, 4vw, 56px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: rgba(246, 242, 234, 0.86);
  backdrop-filter: saturate(160%) blur(14px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: saturate(160%) blur(14px);
}

.brand {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
}

.brand img {
  width: clamp(140px, 14vw, 180px);
  height: auto;
}

.brand-mark {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 450;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1;
}

.brand-mark small {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 4px;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.62rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.site-header nav {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 26px);
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.site-header nav a {
  position: relative;
  color: var(--charcoal);
  font-size: 0.91rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  padding: 4px 0;
}

.site-header nav a::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: -2px;
  height: 1.5px;
  background: var(--crimson);
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transform-origin: left;
  transition: transform 220ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}

.site-header nav a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.site-header nav a:hover::after,
.site-header nav a[aria-current="page"]::after {
  transform: scaleX(1);
}

.site-header nav a[aria-current="page"] {
  color: var(--ink);
}

/* ============================================================
   Containers
   ============================================================ */
.container,
.section,
.page-section,
.page-hero,
.site-footer {
  width: min(var(--maxw), calc(100% - var(--gutter) * 2));
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
}

.section,
.page-section {
  padding: clamp(56px, 6.2vw, 88px) 0;
}

.section + .section,
.page-section + .page-section {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

/* ============================================================
   HERO — homepage
   ============================================================ */
.hero {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.hero-inner {
  width: min(var(--maxw), calc(100% - var(--gutter) * 2));
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.95fr) minmax(0, 1.05fr);
  gap: clamp(32px, 5vw, 80px);
  align-items: center;
  min-height: clamp(620px, 86vh, 880px);
  padding: clamp(60px, 8vw, 110px) 0 clamp(48px, 6vw, 90px);
}

.hero-inner > * { min-width: 0; }

.hero-text {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 2;
  min-width: 0;
  max-width: 620px;
}

.hero-text .affiliation {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px 10px;
  margin-bottom: 28px;
  max-width: 100%;
}

.hero-text .affiliation::before {
  content: "";
  width: 22px;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--crimson);
}

.hero h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.45rem, 4.9vw, 4.5rem);
  font-weight: 440;
  line-height: 1.02;
  letter-spacing: -0.024em;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 144, "SOFT" 0;
}

.hero h1 em {
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 430;
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 144, "SOFT" 0;
}

/* Refined institutional byline — serif italic under the headline */
.hero-byline {
  margin-top: clamp(20px, 2.2vw, 28px);
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 6px 14px;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 400;
  font-size: 1.0rem;
  color: var(--graphite);
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
}

.hero-byline::before {
  content: "—";
  color: var(--amber);
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.hero-byline strong {
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 550;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
}

.hero-lede {
  margin-top: clamp(22px, 2.6vw, 30px);
  max-width: 560px;
  font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 1.2vw, 1.16rem);
  line-height: 1.56;
  color: var(--graphite);
}

.hero-meta {
  margin-top: clamp(28px, 3vw, 40px);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.hero-meta > div {
  padding: 16px 16px 16px 0;
  min-width: 0;
}
.hero-meta > div + div {
  border-left: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding-left: 18px;
}

.hero-meta .label {
  display: block;
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.65rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.hero-meta .value {
  display: block;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 0.98rem;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.hero-cta {
  margin-top: 36px;
  display: flex;
  gap: 22px 28px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

/* RNA stage */
.rna-stage {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 1.12 / 1;
  max-height: min(82vh, 760px);
  min-height: 480px;
}

.rna-stage canvas {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  display: block;
}

/* Soft halo behind RNA */
.rna-stage::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 4%;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 51% 52%, rgba(255, 241, 204, 0.36), transparent 56%),
    radial-gradient(circle at 64% 34%, rgba(40, 74, 114, 0.055), transparent 58%),
    radial-gradient(circle at 34% 70%, rgba(196, 144, 26, 0.075), transparent 54%);
  filter: blur(10px);
  pointer-events: none;
}

.rna-stage-fallback {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  display: none;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.rna-stage-fallback svg {
  width: 86%;
  height: auto;
}

.rna-stage[data-canvas-failed="true"] .rna-stage-fallback {
  display: flex;
}

/* Floating measurement chips on the stage */
.rna-stage-readout {
  position: absolute;
  right: clamp(10px, 2vw, 24px);
  bottom: clamp(12px, 3vw, 30px);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px;
  align-items: flex-end;
  z-index: 3;
  pointer-events: none;
}

.rna-chip {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 7px 10px;
  background: rgba(253, 251, 245, 0.72);
  border: 1px solid rgba(227, 221, 208, 0.72);
  color: var(--charcoal);
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.58rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(60, 40, 22, 0.045);
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
}

.rna-chip::before {
  content: "";
  width: 6px;
  height: 6px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--crimson);
}

.rna-chip.b::before { background: var(--rna-sage); }
.rna-chip.c::before { background: var(--amber); }

/* ============================================================
   Link styles (link buttons)
   ============================================================ */
.link {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 10px;
  padding: 6px 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ink);
  transition: color 220ms ease, border-color 220ms ease, transform 220ms ease;
}

.link::after {
  content: "→";
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-weight: 400;
  font-size: 1.05em;
  transition: transform 220ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}

.link:hover {
  color: var(--crimson);
  border-color: var(--crimson);
}

.link:hover::after { transform: translateX(4px); }

.link-quiet {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  color: var(--graphite);
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  border-bottom: none;
  padding: 4px 0;
}

.link-quiet::after {
  content: "→";
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 0.92rem;
  transition: transform 220ms ease;
}

.link-quiet:hover { color: var(--crimson); }
.link-quiet:hover::after { transform: translateX(3px); }

/* ============================================================
   Section header (kicker + title + side link)
   ============================================================ */
.section-header {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  align-items: end;
  gap: 24px;
  margin-bottom: clamp(36px, 4vw, 56px);
  padding-bottom: clamp(20px, 2vw, 28px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.section-header .kicker {
  margin-bottom: 14px;
}

.section-header h2 {
  max-width: 18ch;
}

/* ============================================================
   Intro band
   ============================================================ */
.intro {
  position: relative;
}

.intro-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.05fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(40px, 6vw, 100px);
  align-items: start;
}

.intro-grid h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.85rem, 3.2vw, 3rem);
  font-weight: 350;
  letter-spacing: -0.022em;
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 144, "SOFT" 60;
}

.intro-grid h2 em {
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 350;
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
}

.intro-copy p { font-size: 1.04rem; }
.intro-copy p + p { margin-top: 18px; }

.intro-methods {
  margin-top: clamp(48px, 6vw, 80px);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1px;
  background: var(--line);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.intro-methods > div {
  background: var(--paper);
  padding: 22px 20px 24px;
}

.intro-methods strong {
  display: block;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.intro-methods small {
  display: block;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
}

/* ============================================================
   Research cards (homepage)
   ============================================================ */
.research-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr);
  gap: 20px;
}

.research-card {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  background: var(--cream);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  overflow: hidden;
  transition: transform 280ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1), border-color 280ms ease, box-shadow 280ms ease;
}

.research-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  border-color: var(--crimson);
  box-shadow: 0 18px 40px rgba(60, 40, 22, 0.08);
}

.research-card.feature { grid-column: span 7; }
.research-card.std     { grid-column: span 5; }
.research-card.half    { grid-column: span 6; }

.research-card .media {
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 10;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--wash);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.research-card .media img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  transition: transform 600ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}

.research-card:hover .media img { transform: scale(1.03); }

.research-card .media.contain img {
  object-fit: contain;
  padding: 22px;
  background: linear-gradient(160deg, var(--paper-tint), var(--wash));
}

.research-card .media.viral-rna-media img {
  padding: 12px 18px;
  background: #fbfaf7;
}

.research-card .body {
  padding: 24px 26px 28px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 10px;
  flex: 1;
}

.research-card .kicker { margin-bottom: 2px; }

.research-card h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.28rem;
  font-weight: 450;
  letter-spacing: -0.012em;
  line-height: 1.22;
}

.research-card.feature h3 {
  font-size: 1.55rem;
}

.research-card p {
  font-size: 0.96rem;
  color: var(--graphite);
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.research-card .card-link {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 14px;
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--crimson);
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
}

.research-card .card-link::after {
  content: "→";
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  transition: transform 220ms ease;
}

.research-card:hover .card-link::after { transform: translateX(3px); }

/* ============================================================
   Featured papers (home)
   ============================================================ */
.featured-papers {
  background: var(--paper-tint);
  padding: clamp(64px, 8vw, 112px) 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.featured-papers .container {
  width: min(var(--maxw), calc(100% - var(--gutter) * 2));
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.paper-list {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.paper-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 130px 200px minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  gap: clamp(20px, 3vw, 48px);
  align-items: start;
  padding: 28px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  transition: padding 280ms ease;
}

.paper-row:hover {
  padding-left: 10px;
  padding-right: -10px;
}

.paper-row .paper-year {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding-top: 4px;
}

.paper-row .paper-venue {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-size: 1.0rem;
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
  padding-top: 4px;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.paper-row h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 450;
  letter-spacing: -0.012em;
  line-height: 1.32;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.paper-row h3 a:hover { color: var(--crimson); }

.paper-row p {
  font-size: 0.94rem;
  color: var(--graphite);
  line-height: 1.55;
  max-width: 60ch;
}

.paper-row .paper-arrow {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.6rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding-top: 4px;
  transition: color 280ms ease, transform 280ms ease;
}

.paper-row:hover .paper-arrow {
  color: var(--crimson);
  transform: translateX(4px);
}

/* ============================================================
   Lab news / cards grid
   ============================================================ */
.news-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 20px;
}

.news-card {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  background: var(--cream);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  transition: transform 280ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1), border-color 280ms ease;
}

.news-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  border-color: var(--crimson);
}

.news-card .media {
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--wash);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.news-card .media img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  transition: transform 600ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}

.news-card:hover .media img { transform: scale(1.04); }

.news-card .body {
  padding: 20px 22px 26px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 10px;
}

.news-card time {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.news-card h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

/* ============================================================
   Institutional band
   ============================================================ */
.affiliations {
  padding: clamp(56px, 7vw, 96px) 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--paper-tint);
}

.affiliations-inner {
  width: min(var(--maxw), calc(100% - var(--gutter) * 2));
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.7fr) minmax(0, 1.3fr);
  gap: clamp(40px, 6vw, 96px);
  align-items: center;
}

.affiliations h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 2.4vw, 2.2rem);
  font-weight: 400;
}

.affiliations p {
  margin-top: 14px;
  font-size: 0.98rem;
}

.affiliations-logos {
  display: grid;
  gap: 24px;
}

.affiliations-logos img {
  width: 100%;
  max-height: 88px;
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: left center;
  mix-blend-mode: multiply;
  opacity: 0.92;
  filter: saturate(0.7);
}

/* ============================================================
   Join band (dark)
   ============================================================ */
.join {
  width: min(var(--maxw), calc(100% - var(--gutter) * 2));
  margin: clamp(64px, 8vw, 112px) auto;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.4fr) auto;
  gap: clamp(28px, 4vw, 56px);
  align-items: center;
  padding: clamp(40px, 5vw, 70px) clamp(36px, 4vw, 64px);
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--cream);
  border: 1px solid var(--ink);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.join::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  right: -10%;
  top: -50%;
  width: 60%;
  height: 200%;
  background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(201, 143, 28, 0.15), transparent 60%);
  pointer-events: none;
}

.join .kicker { color: var(--amber); }

.join h2 {
  color: var(--cream);
  font-weight: 400;
  font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 2.6vw, 2.4rem);
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
}

.join h2 em {
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--amber);
}

.join p {
  color: rgba(253, 251, 245, 0.74);
  margin-top: 14px;
  max-width: 60ch;
}

.join .link {
  color: var(--cream);
  border-color: var(--amber);
}

.join .link:hover {
  color: var(--amber);
}

/* ============================================================
   Footer
   ============================================================ */
.site-footer {
  padding: clamp(40px, 5vw, 64px) 0 clamp(36px, 4vw, 48px);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.footer-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.6fr) minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(28px, 4vw, 64px);
}

.footer-brand {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 450;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.012em;
}

.footer-brand small {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 6px;
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.site-footer address {
  margin-top: 18px;
  font-style: normal;
  color: var(--body);
  font-size: 0.92rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.footer-col h4 {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.footer-col ul {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: grid;
  gap: 10px;
}

.footer-col a {
  color: var(--charcoal);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 450;
}

.footer-col a:hover { color: var(--crimson); }

.footer-meta {
  margin-top: clamp(36px, 4vw, 56px);
  padding-top: 22px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 16px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
}

/* ============================================================
   Generic page hero (research / publications / etc.)
   ============================================================ */
.page-hero {
  padding: clamp(56px, 8vw, 100px) 0 clamp(40px, 5vw, 64px);
}

.page-hero-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 0.9fr);
  gap: clamp(40px, 6vw, 96px);
  align-items: end;
}

.page-hero h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4.6vw, 4rem);
  font-weight: 350;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  line-height: 1.04;
}

.page-hero h1 em {
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
}

.page-hero .lede {
  margin-top: 24px;
  max-width: 60ch;
  font-size: 1.18rem;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-weight: 400;
  font-style: italic;
  line-height: 1.5;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  color: var(--graphite);
}

.page-hero .kicker { margin-bottom: 22px; }

.page-hero-visual {
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--wash);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.page-hero-visual img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

.page-hero-visual.contain img {
  object-fit: contain;
  padding: 28px;
  background: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--paper-tint), var(--wash));
}

.page-hero-visual.people-hero-photo {
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
}

.page-hero-visual.people-hero-photo img {
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center 45%;
}

/* ============================================================
   RESEARCH PAGE — research areas as long-form sections
   ============================================================ */
/* Research overview index — clickable cards before the long-form sections */
.research-index {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(5, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 0;
  margin: clamp(28px, 4vw, 48px) 0 clamp(40px, 5vw, 64px);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.research-index a {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 24px 22px 26px;
  border-right: 1px solid var(--line);
  transition: background-color 240ms ease, transform 240ms ease;
}

.research-index a:last-child { border-right: none; }

.research-index a:hover {
  background: var(--amber-soft);
}

.research-index .index-num {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--amber-deep);
}

.research-index h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.02rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.008em;
  line-height: 1.25;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.research-index span.arrow {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 14px;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  color: var(--crimson);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  transition: transform 240ms ease;
}

.research-index a:hover span.arrow { transform: translateX(4px); }

.research-area {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1.05fr);
  gap: clamp(36px, 5vw, 80px);
  align-items: center;
  padding: clamp(56px, 6vw, 88px) 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  scroll-margin-top: 80px;
}

/* Scroll-reveal for research areas */
.research-area {
  opacity: 0;
  transform: translateY(28px);
  transition: opacity 800ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1), transform 800ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}
.research-area.is-visible {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

.research-area .area-num {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 10px;
  margin-bottom: 14px;
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--amber-deep);
}

.research-area .area-num::before {
  content: "";
  width: 22px;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--amber);
  display: inline-block;
}

.research-area:nth-child(even) {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.05fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
}
.research-area:nth-child(even) .research-area-visual { order: -1; }

.research-area-visual {
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--wash);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.research-area-visual img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

.research-area-visual.contain {
  background: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--paper-tint), var(--wash));
}

.research-area-visual.contain img {
  object-fit: contain;
  padding: 24px;
}

.research-area-visual.viral-rna-visual {
  background: #fbfaf7;
}

.research-area-visual.viral-rna-visual img {
  padding: 12px 18px;
  object-fit: contain;
}

.research-area-text {
  max-width: 56ch;
}

.research-area-text h2 {
  margin-top: 14px;
  font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 2.7vw, 2.4rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
}

.research-area-text h2 em {
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
}

.research-area-text p {
  margin-top: 18px;
  font-size: 1.02rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
}

.research-area-text p + p { margin-top: 14px; }

.research-area-links {
  margin-top: 26px;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 18px 24px;
}

/* ============================================================
   PUBLICATIONS — editorial bibliography
   ============================================================ */
.pub-toolbar {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 4px 6px;
  padding: 22px 0;
  margin: 0 auto clamp(28px, 4vw, 48px);
  max-width: 920px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.pub-toolbar a {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 550;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  color: var(--graphite);
  padding: 10px 18px;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  transition: color 200ms, border-color 200ms, background-color 200ms;
}

.pub-toolbar a:hover {
  color: var(--white);
  background: var(--crimson);
}

.pub-year {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(28px, 4vw, 56px);
  padding: clamp(48px, 5vw, 76px) 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  scroll-margin-top: 80px;
}

.pub-year:first-of-type { border-top: none; padding-top: 0; }

.pub-year-label {
  position: sticky;
  top: 100px;
  align-self: start;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(3rem, 5vw, 4.6rem);
  font-weight: 420;
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  line-height: 1;
  font-variation-settings: "opsz" 144, "SOFT" 0;
}

.pub-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.pub {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(24px, 3vw, 44px);
  padding: 32px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft);
  align-items: start;
}

.pub:last-child { border-bottom: none; }

.pub-thumb {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 5 / 4;
  background: var(--wash);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  overflow: hidden;
  transition: transform 320ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}

.pub:hover .pub-thumb { transform: translateY(-2px); }

.pub-thumb img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  transition: transform 600ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}

.pub:hover .pub-thumb img { transform: scale(1.04); }

.pub-thumb.contain {
  background: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--paper-tint), var(--wash));
}
.pub-thumb.contain img {
  object-fit: contain;
  padding: 14px;
}

.pub.no-thumb { grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, 1fr); }
.pub.no-thumb .pub-venue-box {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 5 / 4;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--paper-tint);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 16px;
  text-align: center;
}
.pub-venue-box .venue {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 1.0rem;
  color: var(--crimson-dark);
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  line-height: 1.25;
}

.pub-body { padding-top: 4px; }

.pub .venue-tag {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--crimson);
}

.pub .venue-tag.preprint { color: var(--rna-sage); }
.pub .venue-tag::before {
  content: "";
  width: 6px;
  height: 6px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: currentColor;
}

.pub h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.22rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.012em;
  line-height: 1.3;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.pub h3 a:hover { color: var(--crimson); }

.pub p.authors {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
  color: var(--graphite);
  max-width: 80ch;
}

.pub-links {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px 14px;
  margin-top: 14px;
}

.pub-links a {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--graphite);
  padding: 4px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  transition: color 200ms, border-color 200ms;
}

.pub-links a:hover {
  color: var(--crimson);
  border-color: var(--crimson);
}

/* ============================================================
   People page
   ============================================================ */
.people-section {
  padding: clamp(56px, 7vw, 90px) 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.people-section:first-of-type { border-top: none; }

.people-section-head {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.5fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(28px, 4vw, 60px);
  align-items: end;
  margin-bottom: clamp(32px, 4vw, 48px);
  padding-bottom: 22px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.people-section-head h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 2.6vw, 2.2rem);
  font-weight: 400;
}

.people-section-head p {
  max-width: 60ch;
  color: var(--graphite);
}

.people-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: clamp(18px, 2vw, 28px);
}

.person {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 12px;
}

.person-photo {
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 1 / 1.05;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--wash);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.person-photo img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  filter: grayscale(0.18) saturate(0.92);
  transition: filter 320ms ease, transform 600ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
}

.person:hover .person-photo img {
  filter: grayscale(0) saturate(1);
  transform: scale(1.03);
}

.person h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.08rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  line-height: 1.25;
}

.person .role {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: 0.86rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.45;
}

.person .tag-line {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--crimson);
}

/* PI card variant — larger */
.person.pi-card {
  grid-column: span 2;
  flex-direction: row;
  gap: 26px;
}

.person.pi-card .person-photo {
  flex-shrink: 0;
  width: 50%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
}

.person.pi-card .person-body {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 12px;
  padding: 4px 0;
}

.person.pi-card h3 {
  font-size: 1.55rem;
  font-weight: 450;
}

.person.pi-card p {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

/* Alumni — denser */
.alumni-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(5, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 16px;
}

.alumni {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px;
}

.alumni .person-photo { aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; }

.alumni h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
}

.alumni .role {
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.4;
}

/* ============================================================
   News page (timeline-like list)
   ============================================================ */
.news-list {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.news-item {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 110px 240px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(20px, 3vw, 44px);
  align-items: start;
  padding: 32px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  transition: padding-left 280ms ease;
}

.news-item:hover { padding-left: 8px; }

.news-item time {
  padding-top: 4px;
}

.news-item-thumb {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--wash);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.news-item-thumb img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

.news-item-body { padding-top: 4px; }

.news-item h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  line-height: 1.3;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.news-item h3 a:hover { color: var(--crimson); }

.news-item p {
  font-size: 0.96rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
  max-width: 70ch;
}

/* ============================================================
   Explainers
   ============================================================ */
.explainer-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 22px;
}

.explainer-card {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: clamp(28px, 3vw, 38px);
  background: var(--cream);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  transition: transform 280ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1), border-color 280ms ease;
  min-height: 360px;
}

.explainer-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  border-color: var(--crimson);
}

.explainer-card .kicker { margin-bottom: 14px; }

.explainer-card h2 {
  font-size: 1.6rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

.explainer-card p {
  margin-top: 16px;
  font-size: 1.0rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.explainer-card .link-quiet {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 24px;
}

.explainer-note {
  margin-top: 56px;
  max-width: 60ch;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.inline-link {
  display: inline;
}

/* ============================================================
   Contact
   ============================================================ */
.contact-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.3fr) minmax(0, 0.9fr);
  gap: clamp(40px, 5vw, 80px);
}

.contact-card {
  padding: clamp(32px, 4vw, 56px);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--cream);
}

.contact-card h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 2.2vw, 2rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
}

.contact-card p {
  max-width: 68ch;
  color: var(--graphite);
  font-size: 1.02rem;
  line-height: 1.62;
}

.contact-card h2 + p { margin-top: 18px; }
.contact-card p + p { margin-top: 14px; }
.contact-card h2 + h2 { margin-top: 36px; }

.contact-links {
  margin-top: 28px;
}

.contact-subhead {
  margin-top: 48px;
}

.contact-email {
  margin-top: 24px;
}

.contact-meta dl {
  margin: 0;
  display: grid;
  gap: 22px;
}

.contact-meta dt {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--crimson);
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.contact-meta dd {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--charcoal);
  font-size: 1.0rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.contact-meta dd a:hover { color: var(--crimson); }

/* ============================================================
   Reveal on scroll
   ============================================================ */
.reveal {
  opacity: 0;
  transform: translateY(16px);
  transition: opacity 700ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1), transform 700ms cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1);
  will-change: opacity, transform;
}
.reveal.is-visible {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .reveal { opacity: 1; transform: none; transition: none; }
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.001ms !important;
    transition-duration: 0.001ms !important;
  }
}

/* ============================================================
   Responsive
   ============================================================ */
@media (max-width: 1020px) {
  .hero-inner {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 36px;
    min-height: auto;
    padding-bottom: 60px;
  }
  .rna-stage {
    max-height: 60vh;
    min-height: 380px;
  }
  .research-card.feature,
  .research-card.std,
  .research-card.half { grid-column: span 12; }
  .news-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .people-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .person.pi-card { grid-column: span 3; }
  .alumni-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .intro-grid,
  .affiliations-inner,
  .research-area,
  .page-hero-grid,
  .footer-grid,
  .contact-grid,
  .section-header,
  .people-section-head,
  .join {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 28px;
  }
  .research-area:nth-child(even) .research-area-visual { order: 0; }
  .join { text-align: left; }
  .pub-year { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .pub-year-label { position: static; }
  .paper-row { grid-template-columns: 80px minmax(0, 1fr) auto; }
  .paper-row .paper-venue { display: none; }
  .news-item { grid-template-columns: 90px 1fr; }
  .news-item-thumb { display: none; }
}

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  body { font-size: 15.5px; }
  .site-header {
    position: relative;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 14px;
    padding: 14px 18px;
  }
  .site-header nav {
    gap: 10px 18px;
  }
  .site-header nav a { font-size: 0.86rem; }
  .intro-methods { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
  .people-grid,
  .news-grid,
  .explainer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .alumni-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .person.pi-card { grid-column: span 1; flex-direction: column; }
  .person.pi-card .person-photo { width: 100%; }
  .pub { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; }
  .pub-thumb { max-width: 220px; }
  .paper-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 8px; }
  .paper-row .paper-arrow { display: none; }
  .hero-meta { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .hero-meta > div { padding: 12px 0; border-left: none !important; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
  .hero-meta > div:first-child { border-top: none; padding-top: 0; }
}

/* Tiny mobile */
@media (max-width: 420px) {
  .brand img { width: 130px; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2rem, 9vw, 2.6rem); }
}